This text was said to be the first official Buddhist literature
which was composed for the Chinese by two early Indian missionaries, Kashyapa
Matanga and Gobharana, during the reign of Emperor Ming of the Later Han Dynasty.
The translators extracted all the passages from different Buddhism scriptures
which they brought along for their
missionary purposes. It was complied after the fashion of the Confucian Analects
to suit the Chinese and therefore each section begins with "The Buddha
said" which corresponds to the Confucian "Confucius said".
It was therefore specially prepared for the Chinese Buddhists and it contains
a good collection of moral and religious sayings of the Buddha.
When the World-Honoured One had become Enlightened, he reflected
thus, "To be free from the passions and to be calm, this is the most
excellent Way."
He was absorbed in Great Meditation, subdued all evil ones
and later in the Deer Park caused to turn the Wheel of Dharma, which consisted
of the Four Noble Truths:
1. Life is Suffering.
2. Ignorance is the cause of Suffering.
3. The Cessation of Suffering which is the goal of life as it transcends pains
and pleasure.
4. The Way to Cessation of Suffering is the Noble Eightfold Path
which consists of:
He converted the five bhikshus, Kaudinya and the others,
inducing them to attain Enlightenment.
Again, there were other bhikshus who implored the Buddha
to remove their doubts which they had concerning his doctrine. The World-Honoured
One illuminated all their minds through his authoritative teachings. The bhikshus,
joining their hands reverentially prostrating, following his sacred instructions.
1. The Buddha said, "Those who, taking leave of their
families and adopting the life of renunciation, understand the mind, reach
the source, and comprehend the immaterial, are called Sramanas.
Those who observe the two hundred and fifty precepts of morality,
who are pure and spotless in their behaviours, and who exert themselves for
the attainment of the stages of progress, are called Arhats. The Arhat is
able to fly through space and assume different forms; his life is eternal,
and there are times when he causes heaven and earth to quake.
Below them is the Anagamin who, at the end of a long life,
ascend in spirit to the nineteenth heaven and obtains Arhatship.
Next come the Skridagamin who ascends to the heavens (after
his death), comes back to the earth once more, and then attains Arhatship.
Then come the Srotaapanna who cannot become Arhat until he
has passed seven more rounds of birth and death.
By the severance of the passions is meant that like the limbs
severed they are never again made use of."
2. The Buddha said, "The renunciate Sramana cuts off
the passions, frees himself of attachments, understands the source of his
own mind, penetrates the deepest doctrine of Buddha, and comprehends the Dharma
which is immaterial. He has no prejudice in his heart, he has nothing to hanker
after. He is not hampered by the thought of the Way, nor is he entangled in
karma. No prejudice, no compulsion, so discipline, no enlightenment, and no
going up through the grades, and yet in possession of all honours in itself
- this is what is meant by the Way."
3. The Buddha said, "Those who shaving their heads and
faces and becomes Sramanas and have accepted the Doctrine of the Way, should
surrender all worldly possessions and be contented with whatever they obtain
by begging. Only one meal a day and loding under a tree, he desires nothing
else. For what makes one stupid and irrational is attachments and passions."
4. The Buddha said, "There are ten things considered
good by all beings, and ten things evil. What are they? Three of them depend
upon the body, four upon the mouth, and three upon the mind.
The three evil deeds depending upon the body are: killing,
stealing and unchaste deeds. The four depending upon the mouth are: slendering,
cursing, lying and flattery. The three depending upon the mind are: jealousy,
hatred and ignorance. All these things are not in keeping with the Holy Way,
and are therefore evil. When these evils are not done, they are ten good deeds."
5. The Buddha said, "If a man who has committed many
sins, does not repent and purify his heart of evil, retribution will come
upon his person as sure as the streams runs into the ocean which becomes ever
deeper and wider. If a man who has committed sins, come to the knowledge of
it, reforms himself, and practises goodness, the force of retribution will
gradually exhaust itself as a disease gradually loses its baneful influence
when the patient perspires."
6. The Buddha said, "When an evil-man, seeing you practise
goodness, comes and maticiously insults you, you should patiently endure it
and not feel angry with him, for the evil-man is insulting himself by trying
to insult you."
7. The Buddha said, "Once a man came unto me and denounced
me on account of my observing the Way and practicing great loving-kindness.
But I kept silent and did not answer him. The denunciation ceased. Then I
asked him. 'If you bring a present to your neighbour and he accepts it not;
does the present come back to you?' He replied, 'It will.' I said, 'You denounce
me now, but as I accept it not, you must take the wrong deed back on your
own person. It is like echo succeeding sound, it is like shadow following
object; you never escape the effect of your own evil deeds. Be therefore mindful,
and cease from doing evil."
8. The Buddha said, "Evil-doers who denounce the wise
resemble a person who spits against the sky; the spittle will never reach
the sky; but comes down on himself. Evil-doers again resemble a man who stirs
the dust against the wind, the dust is never raised without doing him injury.
Thus, the wise will never be hurt but the curse is sure to destroy the evil-doers
themselves."
9. The Buddha said, "If you endeavour to embrace the
Way through much learning, the Way will not understood. If you observe the
Way with simplicity of heart, great indeed is this Way."
10. The Buddha said, "Those who rejoice in seeing others
observe the Way will obtain great blessing." A Sramana asked the Buddha,
"Would this blessing be destroyed?" The Buddha replied, "It
is like a lighted torch whose flame can be distributed to ever so many others
torches which flame can be distributed to ever so many other torches which
people may bring along; and therewith they will cook food and dispel darkness,
while the original torch itself remains burning ever the same. It is even
so with the bliss of the Way."
11. The Buddha said, "It is better to feed a good man
than one hundred bad men. It is better to feed one who observe the Five Precepts
of the Buddha than to feed one thousand good men. It is better to feed one
Srotaapanna (Stream-enteree) than to feed ten thousands of those who observe
the Five Precepts of Buddha. It is better to feed one Skriddagamin than to
feed one million Srotaapanna. It is better to feed one Anagamin than to feed
one Arhat than to feed one hundred millions of Anagamins. It is better to
feed one Pratyekabuddha than to feed one billion of Arhats. It is better to
feed one of the Buddha, either of the present, or of the past, or of the future,
than to feed ten billions of Pratyekabuddhas. It is better to feed one who
is above knowledge, one-sidedness, discipline, and enlightenment than to feed
one hundred billions of Buddhas of the past, present, or future.
12. The Buddha said, "There are twenty difficult things
to attain in this world:
1. It is hard for the poor to practice charity.
2. It is hard for the strong and rich to observe the Way.
3. It is hard to disregard life and go to certain death.
4. It is only a favoured few that get acquainted with a Buddhist sutra.
5. It is hard to be born in the age of the Buddha.
6. It is hard to conquer the passions, to suppress selfish desires.
7. It is hard not to hanker after that which is agreeable.
8. It is hard not to get into a passion when slighted.
9. It is hard not to abuse one's authority.
10. It is hard to be even-minded and simple hearted in all one's dealings
with others.
11. It is hard to be thorough in learning and exhaustive in investigation.
12. It is hard to subdue selfish pride.
13. It is hard not to feel contempt toward the unlearned.
14. It is hard to be one in knowledge and practice.
15. It is hard not to express an opinion about others.
16. It is by rare opportunity that one is introduced to a true spiritual
teacher.
17. It is hard to gain an insight into the nature of being and to practice
the Way.
18. It is hard to follow the way of a saviour.
19. It is hard to be always the master of oneself.
20. It is hard to understand thoroughly the Ways of Buddha."
13. A monk asked the Buddha, "Under what conditions
is it possible to come to the knowledge of the past and to understand the
most supreme Way?" The Buddha answered, "Those who are pure in heart
and single in purpose are able to understand the most supreme Way. It is like
polishing a mirror, which becomes bright when the dust is removed. Remove
your passions, and have no hankering, and the past will be revealed to you."
14. A monk asked the Buddha, "What is good, and what
is great?" The Buddha replied, "Good is to practice the Way and
to follow the truth. Great is the heart that is in accord with the Way."
15. A monk asked the Buddha, "What is most powerful,
and what is most illuminating?" The Buddha replied, "Meekness is
most powerful, for it harbours no evil thoughts, and, moreover, it is restful
and full of strength. as it is free from evils, it is sure to be honoured
by all.
The most illuminating is a mind that is thoroughly cleansed
of dirt, and which, remaining pure, retains no blemishes. From the time when
there was yet no heaven and earth till the present day, there is nothing in
the ten quarters which is not seen, or known, or heard by such a mind, for
it has gained all-knowledge, and for that reason it is called 'illuminating'."
16. The Buddha said, "Those who have passions are never
able to preceive the Way; for it is like stirring up clear water with hands;
people may come there wishing to find a reflection of their faces, which,
however, they will never see. A mind troubled and vexed with the passions
is impure, and on that account it never sees the Way. O monks, do away with
passions. When the dirt of passion is removed the Way will manifest itself."
17. The Buddha said, "Seeing the Way is like going into
a dark room with a torch; the darkness instantly departs, while the light
alone remains. When the Way is attained and the truth is seen, ignorance vanishes
and enlightenment abides forever."
18. The Buddha said, "My doctrine is to think the thought
that is unthinkable, to practise the deed that is non-doing, to speak the
speech that is inexpressible, and to be trained in the discipline that is
deyond discipline. Those who understand this are near, those who are confused
are far. The Way is beyond words and expressions, is bound by nothing earthly.
Lose sight of it to an inch, or miss it for a moment, and we are away from
it forever more."
19. The Buddha said, "Look up to heaven and down on
earth, and they will remind you of their impermanency. Look about the world,
and it will remind you of its impermanency. But when you gain spiritual enlightenment,
you shall then find wisdom. The knowledge thus attained leads you quickly
to the Way."
20. The Buddha said, "You should think of the four elements
of which the body is exposed. Each of them has its own name, and there is
no such thing there known as ego. As there is really no ego, it is like unto
a mirage."
21. The Buddha said, "Moved by their selfish desires,
people seek after fame and glory. But when they have acquired it, they are
already strikened in years. If you hanker after wordly fame and practise not
the Way, your labours are wrongfully applied and your energy is wasted. It
is like unto burning an incense stick."
22. The Buddha said, "People cleave to their worldly
possessions and selfish passions so blindly as to sacrifice their own lives
for them. They are like a child who tries to eat a little honey smeared on
the edge of a knife. The amount is by no means sufficient to appease his appetite,
but he runs the risk of wounding the tongue."
23. The Buddha said, "Men are tied up to their famililes
and possessions more helplessly than in a prison. There is an occassion for
the prisoner to be released, but the housholders entertain no desire to be
relieved from the ties of family. Even into the paws of a tiger, he will jump.
Those who are thus drowned in the filth of passion are called the ignorant.
Those who are able to overcome it are saintly Arhats."
24. The Buddha said, "There is nothing like lust. Lust
may be said to be the most powerful passion. Fortunately, we have but one
thing which is more powerful. If the thirst for truth were weaker than passion,
how many of us in the world will be able to follow the way of righteousness?"
25. The Buddha said, "Men who are addicted to the passions
are like the torch-carrier running against the wind; his hands are sure to
be burned."
26. The Lord of Heaven offered a beautiful fairy to the Buddha,
desiring to tempt him to the evil path. But the Buddha said, "Be gone.
What use have I for the leather bag filled with filth which you brought to
me?" Then, the god reverently bowed and asked the Buddha about the essence
of the Way, in which having been instructed by the buddha, it is said he attained
the fruit of Srotaapanna."
27. The Buddha said, "Those who are following the Way
should behave like a piece of timber which is drifting along a stream. If
the log is neither held by the banks, nor seized by men, nor obstructed by
the gods, nor kept in the whirlpool, nor itself goes to decay, I assure you
that this log will finally reach the ocean. If monks waling on the Way are
neither tempted by the passions, nor led astray by some evil influences; but
steadily pursue their course of Nirvana, I assure you that these monks will
finally attain enlightenment."
28. The Buddha said, "Rely not upon your own will. It
is not trustworthy. Guard yourself against sensualism, for it surely leads
to the path of evil. Your own will becoomes trustworthy only when you have
attained Arhatship."
29. The Buddha said, "O monks, you should not see women.
(If you have to see them), refrain from talking to them. (If you have to talk
to them), you should reflect in a right spirit: 'I am now a homeless mendicant.
In the world of sin, I must behave myself like unto the lotus flower whose
purity is not defiled by the mud. Old ones I will treat as my mother; elderly
ones as elder sisters; younger ones as younger sisters; and little ones as
daughters.' And in all this you should habour no evil thoughts, but think
of salvation."
30. The Buddha said, "Those who walk the Way should
avoid sensualism as those who carry hay would avoid coming near the fire."
31. The Buddha said, "There was once a man who, being
in despair over his inability to control his passions, wished to multilate
himself." The Buddha said to Him, "Better destroy your own evil
thoughts than do harm to your own person. The mind is lord. When the lord
himself is claimed the servant will themselves be yielding. If your mind is
purified of evil passions, what avails it to multilate yourself?"
Thereupon, the Buddha recited the gatha: "Passions grow
from the will, The will grows from thought and imagination. When both are
calmed, There is neither sensualism nor transmigration."
The Buddha said that this gatha was taught by Kashyapa Buddha.
32. The Buddha said, "From the passions arise worry,
and from worry arises fear. Away with passions, and no fear, no worry."
33. The Buddha said, "Those who follow the Way are like
unto warriors who fight single-handed with a multitude of foes. They may al
go out of the fort in full armour; but among them are some who are faint-hearted,
and some who go halfway and beat a retreat, and some who are killed in the
affray, and some who come home victorious. O monks! If you desire to attain
enlightenment, you should steadily walk in your Way, with a resolute heart,
with courage, and should be fearless in whatever environment you may happen
to be, and destroy every evil influence that you may across for thus you shall
reach the goal."
34. One night a monk was reciting a sutra, bequeathed by
Kashyapa Buddha. His tone was so mournful and his voice was so fainting, as
if he was going out of existence. The Buddha asked him, "What was your
occupation before you become a homeless monk?" The monk replied, "I
was very fond of playing a stringed instrument." The Buddha said, "How
did you find it when the strings were too loose?" "No sound is possible."
was the reply. "How did you find it when the strings were too tight?"
"They will break." "How did you find when they were neither
too tight nor too loose?" "Every note sounds in its proper tone."
35. The Buddha then said to the monk, "Religious discipline
is also like unto playing such a stringed instrument. When the mind is properly
adjusted and quietly applied, the Way is attainable. But when you are too
feverntly bent on it, your body grows tired, and when your body is tired,
your spirit becomes weary, your discipline will relax, and with the relaxation
of discipline there follows many an evil. Therefore, be calm and pure, and
the Way will be gained."
36. The Buddha said, "Even if one escapes from the evil
creations, it is one's rare fortune to be born as a human being. Even if one
is born as a human, it is one's rare fortune to be born as a man and not a
woman. Even if one is born as a man, it is one's rare fortune to be perfected
in all the six senses. Even if he is perfected in all the six senses, it is
his rare fortune to be born in the middle kingdom. Even if he is born in the
middle kingdom, it is rare fortune to be born in the time of a Buddha. Even
if he is born in the time of a Buddha, it is rare fortunate to see the Enlightened
One. Even if he is able to see the Enlightened One, it is his rare fortune
to have his heart awakened in faith. Even if he has faith, it is his rare
fortune to awaken the heart of wisdom. Even if he awakens the heart of wisdom,
it is his rare fortune to realise a spiritual state which is above discipline
and attainment."
37. The Buddha said, "O Sons of the Buddha! You are
away from me ever so many miles, but if you remember and think of my precepts,
you shall surely gain the fruit of enlightenment. You may standing by my side,
see me always, but if you observe not my precepts, you shall never gain enlightenment."
38. The Buddha asked another monk, "How do you measure
the length of a man's life?" He answered, "By days." The Buddha
said, "You do not understand the Way." The Buddha asked another
monk, "How do you measure the length of a man's life?" The monk
answered, "By the time that passes during a meal." The Buddha said,
"You do not understand the Way." The Buddha asked the third monk,
"How do you measure the length of a man's life?" The monk answered,
"By the breadth." The Buddha said, "Very well, you know the
Way."
39. The Buddha said, "Those who study the doctrine of
the Buddhas will do well to believe and observe all that is taught by them.
It is like unto honey; it is sweet within, it is sweet without, it is sweet
throughout; so is the Buddhas' teaching."
40. The Buddha said, "O monks, you must not walk on
the way as the ox is attached to the wheel. His body moves, but his heart
is not willing. But when your hearts are in accord with the Way, there is
no need of troubling yourselves about your outward demeanor."
41. The Buddha said, "Those who practice the Way might
well follow the example of an ox that marches through the deep mire carrying
a heavy load. He is tired, but he is steadily gazed, looking forward. Will
never relax until he comes out of the mire, and it is only then that he takes
a respite. O monks, remember that passions and sins are more than filthy mire,
and that you can escape misery only by earnestly and steadily thinking of
the Way."
42. The Buddha said, "I consider the dignities of kings
and lords as a particle of dust that floats in the sunbeam. I consider the
treasure of precious metals and stones as bricks and pebbles. I consider the
gaudy dress of silk and brocades as a worn-out rag. I consider this universe
as small as the holila fruit. I consider thelake of Anavatapa as a drop of
oil which one smears the feet. I consider the various methods of salvation
taught by the Buddhas as a treasure created by imagination. I consider the
profound doctrine of the Buddhas as precious metal or priceless fabric seen
in a dream. I consider the teaching of the Buddhas as a flower before my eyes.
I consider the practice of Dhyana as a pillar supporting the Mount Sumeru.
I consider Nirvana as awakening from a day dream or nightmare. I consider
the struggle between the heterdox and orthodox as the antics of the six (mythical)
dragons. I consider the doctrine of equality as the absolute ground of reality.
I consider all the religious works done for universal salvation as like the
plants in the four seasons."
